Evaluation of halitosis using Halitosis Associated Life Quality Test questionnaire and the Etiquette checker device

Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 Dentist, Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center and Kerman Social Determinants on Oral Health Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center and Kerman Social Determinants on Oral Health Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

3 Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Halitosis is an unpleasant disorder and a common phenomenon in people. The study aim was evaluation of halitosis using Halitosis Associated Life Quality Test questionnaires (HALT) and the Etiquette checker device.METHODS: The questionnaires were given to 345 individuals who referred to the Kerman Dental School and dental clinics, Kerman, Iran. At the same time, their halitosis was evaluated by Etiquette checker device. T-test analysis, chi-squared, one way analysis of variance, Fisher’s exact test and SPSS were used.RESULTS: The prevalence of halitosis was 54%. The analysis of the collected data showed that halitosis in women was more than men (P = 0.86), this disorder was more in individuals older than 35 in comparison with younger people (P = 0.01). This study showed that a significant relationship existed between the HALT score and the Etiquette score.CONCLUSION: There was a significant relation between self-estimated halitosis and higher Etiquette score, therefore HALT questionnaire can be a valid device for evaluating the life quality especially for halitosis.

Keywords


  1. Oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134(2): 209-14.
  2. Tonzetich J. Oral malodor: An indicator of health status and oral cleanliness. Int Dent J 1978; 28 (3): 309-19.
  3. Al-Atrooshi BA, Al-Rawi AS. Oral halitosis and oral hygiene practices among dental students. J BaghColl Dent 2007; 19(1): 72-6.
  4. Almas K, Al-Hawish A, Al-Khamis W. Oral hygiene practices, smoking habit, and self-perceived oral malodor among dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003; 4(4): 77-90.
  5. Amini Z, Semijour K. Evaluation Prevalence of oral malodor in girl students in Tehran [Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 1995. [In Persian].
  6. Brunner F, Kurmann M, Filippi A. The correlation of organoleptic and instrumental halitosis measurements. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2010; 120(5): 402-8.
  7. Buunk-Werkhoven Y, Dijkstra-le ClercqM, Verheggen-Udding E, de Jong N, Spreen M. Halitosis and oral health-related quality of life: A case report. Int J Dent Hyg 2012; 10(1): 3-8.
  8. Calil CM, Lima PO, Bernardes CF, Groppo FC, Bado F, Marcondes FK. Influence of gender and menstrual cycle on volatile sulphur compounds production. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53(12): 1107-12.
  9. Cameira Nunes J, Martinez-Sahuquillo A, Cameira MJ, Dias Marques H. Halitosis: Are dentists being prepared for this challenge? -A questionnaire survey in a dental school. Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentaria e Cirugia Maxilofacial 2011; 52(3): 142-6.
  10. THE Vakilzadeh P, Nakhaei N. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the brief pain inventory in cancer patients. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2007; 5(4): 253-8. [In Persian].
  11. He SL, Wang JH, Wang MH, Deng YM. Validation of the chinese version of the halitosis associated life-quality test (HALT) questionnaire. Oral Dis 2012; 18(7): 707-12.
  12. Kakoei Sh, Babak-Amini A, Kakooei S. The validation of one halitosis measuring device (Etiquette checker). J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol 2014; 3(2): 37-41.
  13. Talebi Ardakani MR, Moein Taghavi A, Ehtesham Manesh K, Farzam H. Evaluation of the prevalence and causes of halitosis. J Shaheed Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2005; 13(2): 27-34. [In Persian].
  14. Tohidast Ekrad Z, Ghasemzadeh E. study on the halitosis incidence with oral causes among highschool and guidance schoolgirls, aged 13-17 years old, in the city of Qazvin. J Dent Med Tehran Univ Med Sci 2003; 16(3): 22-7. [In Persian].
  15. Setia S, Pannu P, Gambhir RS, Galhotra V, Ahluwalia P, Sofat A. Correlation of oral hygiene practices, smoking and oral health conditions with self perceived halitosis amongst undergraduate dental students. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 5(1): 67-72.
  16. Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 1995; 66(8): 679-84.
  17. Loesche WJ. The effects of antimicrobial mouthrinses on oral malodor and their status relative to US Food and Drug Administration regulations. Quintessence Int 1999; 30(5): 311-8.
  18. Soder B, Johansson B, Soder PO. The relation between foetor ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease. Swed Dent J 2000; 24(3): 73-82.
  19. Frexinos J, Denis P, Allemand H, Allouche S, Los F, Bonnelye G. Descriptive study of digestive functional symptoms in the French general population. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998; 22(10): 785-91.
  20. Khaira N, Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Scott DA, Wade WG. Production of volatile sulphur compounds in diseased periodontal pockets is significantly increased in smokers. Oral Dis 2000; 6(6): 371-5.
  21. Zurcher A, Filippi A. Findings, diagnoses and results of a halitosis clinic over a seven year period. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2012; 122(3): 205-16.
  22. Messadi DV. Oral and nonoral sources of halitosis. J Calif Dent Assoc 1997; 25(2): 127-31.
  23. Rosenberg M. Bad breath: Why dentists should care. The Dentist 1995; 11: 38-40.
  24. Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of oral malodor: Current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol 1992; 63(9): 776-82.
  25. Iwakura M, Yasuno Y, Shimura M, Sakamoto S. Clinical characteristics of halitosis: differences in two patient groups with primary and secondary complaints of halitosis. J Dent Res 1994; 73(9): 1568-74.
  26. Nalcaci R, Sonmez IS. Evaluation of oral malodor in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 106(3): 384-8.
  27. Zadik Y, Galor S, Lachmi R, Proter N. Oral self-care habits of dental and healthcare providers. Int J Dent Hyg 2008; 6(4): 354-60.
  28. Iwanicka-Grzegorek E, Michalik J, Kepa J, Wierzbicka M, Aleksinski M, Pierzynowska E. Subjective patients' opinion and evaluation of halitosis using halimeter and organoleptic scores. Oral Dis 2005; 11(Suppl 1): 86-8.
  29. Kizhner V, Xu D, Krespi YP. A new tool measuring oral malodor quality of life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268(8): 1227-32.