Assessment of the relationship between oral health and adenoid hypertrophy in children aged 8 to 15 years

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 babol medical university

2 Oral Health Research Center, Health Research Institue, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran

3 Dental Material Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

4 Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
Background: The oral health of children is adversely affected by mouth breathing. One of the main reasons for mouth breathing in children is adenoid hypertrophy. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the relationship between oral health and adenoid hypertrophy among children aged 8–15 years in the city of Babol.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 100 children. The case group included 50 children with adenoid hypertrophy. An Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) specialist examined the children clinically and referred them to the oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic. The study control group included 50 healthy children. To assess the size of the adenoidal tissues and the dimensions of the upper airways, we assessed the linear cephalometric measurement Ptm-ad2. The evaluations consisted of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT and dmft for permanent and primary teeth, respectively) index, mean periodontal pocket depth, plaque index (PI), and papillary marginal attached (PMA) index.
Results: Fifty samples had adenoid hypertrophy. The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher in children with adenoid hypertrophy compared to healthy children (DMFT was 4.10 ± 2.09 and 2.06 ± 0.97, and dmft was 3.52 ± 3.34 and 1.48 ± 1.24, in the case and control groups, respectively). Furthermore, the periodontal indices of the case group were significantly greater than those of the control group (periodontal pocket depth was 2.93 ± 0.35 and 1.98 ± 0.23, PI was 2.73 ± 0.26 and 1.13 ± 0.29, and the PMA index was 5.71 ± 0.82 and 2.55 ± 0.48, in the case and control groups, respectively).
Conclusions: In the case group, there was a statistically higher prevalence of dental caries and gingival inflammation than in the control group. Therefore, periodical dental visits and preventive dental procedures are recommended for children with adenoid hypertrophy.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Piva F, de Moraes JK, Vieira VR, Silva AE, Hendges RM, Sari
GT. Evaluation of the association between indicators of oral
health and sociodemographic variables in children with
orofacial clinical signs of chronic mouth breathing. Audiol
Commun Res. 2014;19(3):236-42. doi: 10.1590/s2317-
64312014000300006.
2. Valcheva Z, Arnautska H, Dimova M, Ivanova G, Atanasova
I. The role of mouth breathing on dentition development
and formation. J IMAB. 2018;24(1):1878-82. doi: 10.5272/
jimab.2018241.1878.
3. Demir UL, Cetinkaya B, Karaca S, Sigirli D. The impacts of
adenotonsillar hypertrophy on periodontal health in children:
a prospective controlled pilot study. Am J Otolaryngol.
2013;34(5):501-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.013.
4. Alqutami J, Elger W, Grafe N, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Hirsch
C. Dental health, halitosis and mouth breathing in 10-to-15
year old children: a potential connection. Eur J Paediatr Dent.
2019;20(4):274-9. doi: 10.23804/ejpd.2019.20.04.03.
5. Triana BE, Ali AH, León IG. Mouth breathing and its
relationship to some oral and medical conditions:
physiopathological mechanisms involved. Rev Habanera
Cienc Méd. 2016;15(2):200-12.
6. Goeringer GC, Vidić B. The embryogenesis and anatomy of
Waldeyer’s ring. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1987;20(2):207-
17.
7. Grewal N, Godhane AV. Lateral cephalometry: A simple and
economical clinical guide for assessment of nasopharyngeal
free airway space in mouth breathers. Contemp Clin Dent.
2010;1(2):66-9. doi: 10.4103/0976-237x.68589.
8. Sharma RK, Bhatia A, Tewari S, Narula SC. Distribution
of gingival inflammation in mouth breathing patients: an
observational pilot study. J Dent Indones. 2016;23(2):28-32.
9. Tamasa B, Godfrey G, Nelson T, Chen M. Oral health status
of children with high risk of sleep-disordered breathing. J
Dent Sleep Med. 2018;5(2):31-8. doi: 10.15331/jdsm.7020.
10. İnönü-Sakallı N, Sakallı C, Tosun Ö, Akşit-Bıçak D.
Comparative evaluation of the effects of adenotonsillar
hypertrophy on oral health in children. Biomed Res Int.
2021;2021:5550267. doi: 10.1155/2021/5550267.
11. Ahmed ZS. The relationship between severity of dental
caries and chronic tonsillitis among Iraqi children. J Fac Med
Baghdad. 2016;58(2):149-53.
12. Ballikaya E, Guciz Dogan B, Onay O, Uzamis Tekcicek M.
Oral health status of children with mouth breathing due to
adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.
2018;113:11-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.07.018.
13. de Vasconcellos Vilella O, de Souza Vilella B, Karsten A,
Ianni Filho D, Monteiro AA, Koch HA, et al. Evaluation
of the nasopharyngeal free airway space based on lateral
cephalometric radiographs and endoscopy. Orthodontics.
2004;1:215-25.
14. Babaei Hatkehlouei M, Tari H, Goudarzian AH, Hali H.
Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index among
firstgrade elementary students in Mazandaran province, northern
Iran. Int J Pediatr. 2017;5(6):5069-77. doi: 10.22038/
ijp.2017.22650.1891.
15. Goswami S, Saha S. The prevalence of gingivitis and
periodontal diseases in preschool children in Kolkata.
Indian J Multidiscip Dent. 2017;7(1):3-7. doi: 10.4103/ijmd.
ijmd_31_16.
16. Wambier LM, Dias G, Bittar P, Pochapski MT, Wambier
DS, Chibinski AC, et al. The influence of tooth brushing
supervision on the dental plaque index and toothbrush wear
in preschool children. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2013;42(6):408-
13.
17. Grellmann A, Zanatta F. Diagnosis of gingivitis: state of the
art. J Dent Oral Disord. 2016;2(3):1-8.
18. Khalifa M, Abouelkheir H, Khodiar S, Mohamed G. Salivary
composition and dental caries among children controlled asthmatics.
Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2014;63(4):777-88. doi:
10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.05.003.
19. Pacheco MC, Casagrande CF, Teixeira LP, Finck NS, de Araújo
MT. Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth
breathing children. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20(4):39-44.
doi: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar.
20. Rout MR, Mohanty D, Vijaylaxmi Y, Bobba K, Metta C.
Adenoid hypertrophy in adults: a case series. Indian J
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;65(3):269-74. doi:
10.1007/s12070-012-0549-y.
21. Abed R, Bernabe E, Sabbah W. Family impacts of severe
dental caries among children in the United Kingdom. Int J
Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):109. doi: 10.3390/
ijerph17010109.
22. Gilchrist F, Marshman Z, Deery C, Rodd HD. The impact of
dental caries on children and young people: what they have
to say? Int J Paediatr Dent. 2015;25(5):327-38. doi: 10.1111/
ipd.12186.
23. Motta LJ, Bortoletto CC, Marques AJ, Ferrari RA, Fernandes
KP, Bussadori SK. Association between respiratory problems
and dental caries in children with bruxism. Indian J Dent Res.
2014;25(1):9-13. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.131047.
24. Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple IL. Dental
plaque-induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol.
2018;45 Suppl 20:S17-27. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12937.
25. Mummolo S, Nota A, Caruso S, Quinzi V, Marchetti E, Marzo
G. Salivary markers and microbial flora in mouth breathing
late adolescents. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:8687608. doi:
10.1155/2018/8687608.
26. Chauhan VS, Chauhan RS, Devkar N, Vibhute A, More S.
Gingival and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.
J Dent Allied Sci. 2012;1(1):26-9.
27. Keller JJ, Wu CS, Chen YH, Lin HC. Association between
obstructive sleep apnoea and chronic periodontitis: a
population-based study. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(2):111-
7. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12036.
28. Wang X, Willing MC, Marazita ML, Wendell S, Warren JJ,
Broffitt B, et al. Genetic and environmental factors associated
with dental caries in children: the Iowa Fluoride Study. Caries
Res. 2012;46(3):177-84. doi: 10.1159/000337282.