References
1. Katzung B, Masters S, Trevor A. Basic and Clinical
Pharmacology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004. p. 38.
2. Sepehri G, Dadolahi Y. Characterization of drug prescribing
practices among dentists in Kerman province, 2001. J Dent
Sch. 2006;24(1):94-101. [Persian].
3. Iranpour A, Kazemian E, Karamoozian A, Nakhaee N,
Sharifi H, Fadakar Davarani MM, . Prevalence of substance
use during pregnancy and the related factors: a study from
southeast Iran. Journal of Kerman University of Medical
Sciences. 2023;30(5):261–266. doi:10.34172/jkmu.2023.44
4. Guzmán-Álvarez R, Medeiros M, Lagunes LR, Campos-
Sepúlveda A. Knowledge of drug prescription in dentistry
students. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2012;4:55-9. doi: 10.2147/
dhps.S30984.
5. Jain A, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta D, Yadav P, Dalai DR, Jhingala V, et
al. Drug prescription awareness among the 3rd year and final
year dental students: a cross-sectional survey. J Indian Assoc
Public Health Dent. 2015;13(1):73-8. doi: 10.4103/2319-
5932.153598.
6. Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta KR, Karim B, Kanwar A, Jain
A, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine for
work related musculoskeletal disorders associated with job
contentment in dental professionals: Indian outlook. Ethiop
J Health Sci. 2014;24(2):117-24. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v24i2.3.
7. Maxwell S, Walley T. Teaching safe and effective prescribing
in UK medical schools: a core curriculum for tomorrow’s
doctors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;55(6):496-503. doi:
10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01878.x.
8. Jain A, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta D, Yadav P, Dalai DR, Jhingala V,
et al. Mouth breathing: a menace to developing dentition.
J Contemp Dent. 2014;4(3):145-51. doi: 10.5005/jpjournals-
10031-1085.
9. Salehi MR, Izadi N. Awareness and practice of Isfahan general
dentist about bleeding tests in cugulopatic patients. Isfahan
Dent J. 2006;2(1):59-60. [Persian].
10. Raju TB, Seshadri A, Vamsipavani B, Abhilash K, Subhash AV,
Kumari KV. Evaluation of pain in single and multi-rooted teeth
treated in single visit endodontic therapy. J Int Oral Health.
2014;6(1):27-32.
11. Mutlu I, Abubaker AO, Laskin DM. Narcotic prescribing habits
and other methods of pain control by oral and maxillofacial
surgeons after impacted third molar removal. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg. 2013;71(9):1500-3. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.04.031.
12. Sepehri, G., Ebrahimi-Meimand, Z. Evaluation of Medicine
prescription pattern in orthopedic outpatient clinics of
Kerman Province, Iran. Journal of Kerman University of
Medical Sciences, 2019; 26(4): 320-329. doi: 10.22062/
jkmu.2019.89526
13. Epstein JB, Chong S, Le ND. A survey of antibiotic use in
dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(11):1600-9. doi:
10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0090.
14. Logan H, Baker K, Cowen H. Initial results of the use of a druginteraction
system. Spec Care Dentist. 1988;8(6):252-5. doi:
10.1111/j.1754-4505.1988.tb00751.x.
15. Moore PA, Gage TW, Hersh EV, Yagiela JA, Haas DA.
Adverse drug interactions in dental practice. Professional and
educational implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130(1):47-
54. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0028.
16. Picozzi A, Ross NM. A survey of dentists’ drug prescribing
practices. Am J Dent. 1989;2(6):338-40.
17. Ciancio S, Reynard A, Zielezny M, Mather M. A survey of
drug prescribing practices of dentists. N Y State Dent J.
1989;55(1):29-31.
18. Hersh EV, Kane WT, O’Neil MG, Kenna GA, Katz NP,
Golubic S, et al. Prescribing recommendations for the
treatment of acute pain in dentistry. Compend Contin Educ
Dent. 2011;32(3):4-30 .
19. Sandilands EA, Reid K, Shaw L, Bateman DN, Webb DJ,
Dhaun N, et al. Impact of a focussed teaching programme on
practical prescribing skills among final year medical students.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(1):29-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2125.2010.03808.x.
20. Jayadev M, Karunakar P, Vishwanath B, Chinmayi SS,
Siddhartha P, Chaitanya B. Knowledge and pattern of antibiotic
and non-narcotic analgesic prescription for pulpal and
periapical pathologies- a survey among dentists. J Clin Diagn
Res. 2014;8(7):ZC10-4. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9645.4536.
21. Jain A, Gupta D, Singh D, Garg Y, Saxena A, Chaudhary H, et
al. Knowledge regarding prescription of drugs among dental
students: a descriptive study. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2015;7(1):12-
6. doi: 10.4103/0976-0105.170584.
22. Guzmán Alvarez R, Campos Sepúlveda AE, Martínez González
AA. Knowledge about local anesthetics in odontology
students. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2009;52:118-9.
23. Kia SJ, Behravesh M, Khalighi Sigaroudi A. Evaluation of drug
prescription pattern among general dental practitioners in
Rasht, Iran. J Dentomaxill Radiol Pathol Surg. 2013;1(2):18-
23. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.3dj.1.2.18.
24. Doshi A, Asawa K, Bhat N, Tak M, Dutta P, Bansal TK, et al.
Knowledge and practices of Indian dental students regarding
the prescription of antibiotics and analgesics. Clujul Med.
2017;90(4):431-7. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-768.
25. Chamani G, Sardari Kermani S. Assessment of knowledge and
practice of 66 general dental practitioners about prescribing
of medication in Kerman. J Dent Sch. 2004;22(3):410-8.
[Persian].
26. Wilburn-Goo D, Lloyd LM. When patients become
cyanotic: acquired methemoglobinemia. J Am Dent Assoc.
1999;130(6):826-31. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0306.
27. Seymour RA, Meechan JG, Yates MS. Pharmacology and
Dental Therapeutics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
2001. p. 89-91.
28. Suda KJ, Evans CT, Gibson G, Jurasic MM, Poggensee L,
Gonzalez B, et al. Opioid Prescribing by Dentists in the Veterans
Health Administration. Am J Prev Med. 2022;63(3):371-83.
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.023.
29. Moore PA, Nahouraii HS, Zovko JG, Wisniewski SR. Dental
therapeutic practice patterns in the US II. Analgesics,
corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Gen Dent. 2006;54(3):201-7.
30. Mendonça JM, Lyra DP Jr, Rabelo JS, Siqueira JS, Balisa-
Rocha BJ, Gimenes FR, et al. Analysis and detection of dental
prescribing errors at primary health care units in Brazil. Pharm
World Sci. 2010;32(1):30-5. doi: 10.1007/s11096-009-9335-
7.
31. Barkin RL. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen in
combination analgesic products. Am J Ther. 2001;8(6):433-
42. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200111000-00008.
32. Cherry WR, Lee JY, Shugars DA, White RP Jr, Vann WF Jr.
Antibiotic use for treating dental infections in children: a
survey of dentists’ prescribing practices. J Am Dent Assoc.
2012;143(1):31-8. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0015.
33. McNulty CA, Francis NA. Optimizing antibiotic prescribing
in primary care settings in the UK: findings of a BSAC multidisciplinary
workshop 2009. J Antimicrob Chemother.
2010;65(11):2278-84. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq361.
34. Pollock M, Bazaldua OV, Dobbie AE. Appropriate prescribing
of medications: an eight-step approach. Am Fam Physician.
2007;75(2):231-6.
35. Vollebregt JA, Metz JC, de Haan M, Richir MC, Hugtenburg JG,
de Vries TP. Curriculum development in pharmacotherapy:
testing the ability of preclinical medical students to learn
therapeutic problem solving in a randomized controlled trial.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;61(3):345-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2125.2005.02571.x.
36. Rodriguez R, Vidrio H, Campos-Sepulveda E. Medicalization
of pharmacology teaching: an urgent need in the medical
curriculum. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2009;52:120-8.
37. Conroy S, North C, Fox T, Haines L, Planner C, Erskine P, et al.
Educational interventions to reduce prescribing errors. Arch
Dis Child. 2008;93(4):313-5. doi: 10.1136/adc.2007.127761.
38. Laing R, Hogerzeil H, Ross-Degnan D. Ten recommendations
to improve use of medicines in developing countries. Health
Policy Plan. 2001;16(1):13-20. doi: 10.1093/heapol/16.1.13.
39. Rauniar GP, Roy RK, Das BP, Bhandari G, Bhattacharya
SK. Prescription writing skills of pre-clinical medical and
dental undergraduate students. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc.
2008;47(172):197-200. doi: 10.31729/jnma.157.
40. Shahroom NS, Lakshmi T, Roy A. Knowledge of drug
prescription among dental and medical student in India–an
online survey. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2017;7(2):76-81.
41. Dailey YM, Martin MV. Are antibiotics being used
appropriately for emergency dental treatment? Br Dent J.
2001;191(7):391-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801190.
42. Whitten BH, Gardiner DL, Jeansonne BG, Lemon RR. Current
trends in endodontic treatment: report of a national survey.
J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(9):1333-41. doi: 10.14219/jada.
archive.1996.0444.
43. Palmer N, Martin M. An investigation of antibiotic prescribing
by general dental practitioners: a pilot study. Prim Dent Care.
1998;5(1):11-4.
44. Palmer NA, Dailey YM, Martin MV. Can audit improve
antibiotic prescribing in general dental practice? Br Dent J.
2001;191(5):253-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801156a.
45. Yingling NM, Byrne BE, Hartwell GR. Antibiotic use by
members of the American Association of Endodontists in the
year 2000: report of a national survey. J Endod. 2002;28(5):396-
404. doi: 10.1097/00004770-200205000-00012.
46. Kandemir S, Ergül N. Grievances in cases using antibiotics
due to orodental problems and assessment of the need for
antibiotics. Int Dent J. 2000;50(2):73-7. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-
595X.2000.tb00802.x.
47. Gatewood RS, Himel VT, Dorn SO. Treatment of the endodontic
emergency: a decade later. J Endod. 1990;16(6):284-91. doi:
10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81631-6.
48. Harrington GW, Natkin E. Midtreatment flare-ups. Dent
Clin North Am. 1992;36(2):409-23. doi: 10.1016/s0011-
8532(22)02504-6.
49. Bassam S, El-Ahmar R, Salloum S, Ayoub S. Endodontic
postoperative flare-up: an update. Saudi Dent J.
2021;33(7):386-94. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.05.005.
50. Roy KM, Bagg J. Antibiotic prescribing by general dental
practitioners in the Greater Glasgow Health Board, Scotland.
Br Dent J. 2000;188(12):674-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800574.
51. Tabrizizadeh M, Alidjani T. Antibiotic prescription among
Yazd dental practitioners in the year of 2004. J Iran Dent
Assoc. 2005;17(5):23-9.
52. Ahmadi Motamayel F, Masumi S, Abdolsamadi H, Roshanaei
G. Awareness of general dentists and senior dental students
of Hamadan city (Iran) about prescribed drugs in dental
procedures. J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2011;35(4):243-52. doi:
10.22038/jmds.2011.944. [Persian].
53. Mainjot A, D’Hoore W, Vanheusden A, Van Nieuwenhuysen
JP. Antibiotic prescribing in dental practice in Belgium.
Int Endod J. 2009;42(12):1112-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2591.2009.01642.x.
54. Hashemipour M, Korki MR. Antibiotic prophylaxis for
bacterial endocarditis: a study of knowledge of guidelines
among dentists participated in the 47th international congress
of dentistry. J Dent Med. 2008;21(3):210-8. [Persian].
55. Rehan HS, Singh C, Tripathi CD, Kela AK. Study of drug
utilization pattern in dental OPD at tertiary care teaching
hospital. Indian J Dent Res. 2001;12(1):51-6.
56. Murti A, Morse Z. Dental antibiotic prescription in Fijian
adults. Int Dent J. 2007;57(2):65-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1875-
595x.2007.tb00440.x.